Patrice de MacMahon

Marie Edme Patrice Maurice de MacMahon, marquis de MacMahon, duc de Magenta, was a French general and politician who served as President of France from 1873 to 1879. He was elevated to the dignity of Marshal of France by Napoleon III.

Political symbols adorned daily attire

Public display of political allegiance became mandatory or prudent through small, inexpensive accessories like the red, white, and blue tricolor cockade. True republicans also wore civic-themed jewelry featuring revolutionary emblems like phrygian caps, sometimes even fashioned into shapes resembling miniature guillotines.

Poverty dictated clothing recycling and repair

Common people relied heavily on second-hand markets and repairing worn garments, as purchasing a complete new outfit was an exceptional financial event. Because laundry was infrequent and clothing was limited, many rural workers appeared in dull, monochromatic outfits, often going barefoot during the warm season.

Music as a daily hobby for everyone

Music was a favorite pastime for all social classes, with many amateurs playing or singing at home, while piano, harp, and singing were particularly popular in wealthy households.

Handwritten dance music manuscripts for families

Young people in wealthy families kept handwritten manuscript books of dances, such as quadrilles, waltzes, and bourrées, to enjoy and practice during leisure time.

Mountain sledding and early rapid communication

Travelers crossed the steep Mont-Cenis pass between France and Italy on muleback, while adventurous passengers slid down snowy slopes in sleds known as ramasse in only fifteen minutes. Meanwhile, the Chappe semaphore telegraph allowed messages to travel across France in hours instead of days, though people still relied on traditional transport.

Slow and expensive travel across France

Between 1800 and 1824, land travel was slow and expensive; a journey across France could take 20 to 30 days on foot or by slow carriage. Transporting a ton of goods from Paris to Marseille cost around 250 francs, roughly the annual wage of an unskilled laborer.

Divergent paths for children's schooling

Bourgeois children were taught reading, writing, and sometimes music by their mothers, then sent to primary school at age six. In contrast, rural children often began working in the garden or farmyard at age seven, while poor urban children performed odd jobs like shoe shining or worked in factories.

Modest homes and simple furnishings

Most rural families lived in modest homes of two to three rooms, often sleeping in a single bed. In cities, apartments were larger, featuring parquet floors, wallpaper, and window drapes for those who could afford them.

Common Drinks: Wine and Beer

Wine was the most common drink, often cut with water to improve its taste because well water was frequently contaminated. Beer also gained popularity in various regions, and in some areas, was even favored over wine.

Bread as the Daily Staple

Bread was the essential staple for all social classes, often eaten as soup or with lard, onions, and cheese. It was baked in various qualities, with some large loaves weighing up to twelve pounds.

Cost of Luxury Goods

Luxury goods were quite expensive compared to wages; for example, a pair of boots cost 18 francs in 1801, and a kilogram of sugar cost 4 francs.

Cost of Necessities

Basic food and clothing prices included bread at 30 centimes, meat at 70 centimes per pound, and a pair of shoes for 5 francs in 1805.

Common jobs in early 19th-century France

Most ordinary people worked in agriculture, while urban workers were typically merchants, skilled artisans like carpenters and blacksmiths, or unskilled laborers.

The long daily grind of workers

The workday typically began at sunrise and lasted over 11 hours, with work often continuing until dusk depending on the season. In Paris, laborers would start their day by grabbing a coffee with milk from street vendors for 2 sous before heading to their workshops.