Prince Claus of the Netherlands

Prince Claus of the Netherlands, Jonkheer van Amsberg was Prince of the Netherlands from 30 April 1980 until his death on 6 October 2002, as the husband of Queen Beatrix.

Straw Hats for Working Men

In the mid-1920s, the straw hat became increasingly popular among working-class men for Sunday wear, replacing the traditional cap.

End of the Corset Era

The traditional corset went completely out of fashion in the 1920s, replaced by a straight silhouette that did not emphasize the waist.

Popular singing and songs

Singing was a popular pastime, with groups like the Comedian Harmonists rising to fame and children frequently singing songs like Three Chinese with the Double Bass.

Improvised jazz instruments

Early jazz bands often lacked professional equipment, so they created rhythm using everyday objects like bells, tin cans, brooms, jugs, and automobile horns.

Travelers could ride in 4th class

Until 1928, travelers could ride in the 4th class, which was the cheapest option, though it offered few wooden benches and forced most passengers to stand.

Rural goods transport by horse carriages

Despite the growth of automobiles and trucks, horse-drawn carriages remained the dominant method for transporting goods in rural areas.

Manual Housework and Modern Kitchens

Working-class households often lacked running warm water, requiring labor-intensive dishwashing using two basins, soda instead of soap, and drying by hand. In contrast, revolutionary designs like the Frankfurt kitchen introduced gas or electric stoves and hot water heaters to modernize and rationalize housework.

Modern Apartments with Running Water

New public housing apartments offered improved living conditions with central heating, built-in kitchens, and private bathrooms featuring hot and cold running water. Such modern units were rare and highly sought after, with some families waiting years on urgent priority lists to secure them.

Daily shopping and dishwashing routines

Because food could not be kept fresh without refrigerators, working-class housewives shopped daily for small amounts, spending at least an hour each day comparing prices. Dishes were washed in two basins pulled from under the kitchen table, using soda instead of soap and drying them with care, as there was no running warm water.

Survival diets and rural sourcing

During times of severe inflation and food shortages, families often relied on potatoes and legumes, as meat, eggs, and butter became luxury items that disappeared from many tables. Many city dwellers engaged in so-called hamster trips to the countryside to obtain food directly from farmers when supplies in shops were scarce.

Daily wages during hyperinflation

During the hyperinflation of 1923, money lost value so quickly that workers were paid daily instead of weekly and had to spend their wages immediately. Some workers had to carry their pay home in baskets or wheelbarrows.

Worker family budget in 1932

In 1932, a worker in a Berlin transformer factory took home 109.56 Reichsmarks monthly. After paying for rent and household supplies, the family had only 38 Pfennigs per person per day for food and drink.

Memorable Factory Work Facts

Factory tasks often relied on team piecework where productivity quotas were strictly enforced, and breakfast breaks were sometimes staggered so machines would not stop running. Workers in textile factories sometimes operated a neighboring worker's machine during their own designated break times to ensure continuous output.

The Reality of the Working Day

Although an eight-hour day was a major victory in 1918, it was frequently violated; some workers reported days starting at 7:00 a.m. and ending at 5:00 p.m., while others worked until 7:30 p.m. or 8:00 p.m. Shifts were common, and factory work often continued on Saturdays, with some employees working every other Saturday.