Hrehory Chodkiewicz

Hrehory Chodkiewicz was a Ruthenian noble and military officer of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He was a son of Aleksander, brother of Hieronim and Yurii, and uncle of Jan Hieronimowicz Chodkiewicz. He commanded the Grand Ducal Lithuanian Army during the latter part of the Livonian War after he had become the Grand Hetman of Lithuania in 1566.

Carrying Essentials Without Pockets

Because ordinary clothing lacked pockets, both men and women carried small, pouch-shaped leather purses attached to their belts to keep needles, threads, and other small essentials.

Color as a Social Privilege

After the Christianization of Lithuania in 1387, ordinary people's clothing became simpler, with colors mostly limited to white, grey, and brown, as wearing colorful garments became an unwritten privilege of the nobility.

Festivals and funeral feasting customs

Folk festivals and life-cycle celebrations like weddings and births were marked by feasting, mead drinking, and merry-making. During funeral rituals, families visited ancestral graves in forests to feast and leave offerings to honor the spirits.

Instruments of common people

Ordinary people used simple percussion like tabalas (wooden boards) for signals and drums for gatherings, while shepherds played instruments like whistles, flutes, and goat horns. Musical instruments excavated in Vilnius include jaws harps, clay whistles, and sleigh bells.

Average travel speeds in the 16th century

Travelers in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania generally traveled at a speed of about 25 km per day on foot or in carts laden with goods. Skilled riders, however, could travel faster, and the postal service achieved speeds of about 62 km per day.

Common transport and horse traction methods

Transport relied on wooden four-wheel carts and horse-drawn sledges, with sledges sometimes being preferred even in summer in wet regions. Because roads were not stone-paved, horses were not typically shod with iron horseshoes, but instead used iron thorns nailed into hooves for better traction on ice.

Lack of schooling for common children

Peasant and burgher children were rarely educated in schools, as they were often illiterate and expected to help with agricultural work from a young age. While some parish schools existed, primary education was sparse and focused on religious instruction.

Modest wooden peasant homes

Peasant homesteads were modest, typically consisting of a wooden dwelling house, a granary, and a cattle-shed. Some peasants in Samogitia lived in a numas, a structure with a central fireplace rather than a stove.

Beer was the standard drink

Because water was often considered unsafe, beer was the most common drink for people of all social classes, and the art of distilling grain-based vodka was also introduced during this period.

Fresh fish was a vital supplement

Ordinary people caught and ate a wide variety of fish from local lakes and rivers, including pike, perch, and occasionally sturgeon, as a vital supplement to their diet.

Commuting labor for cash

Peasants could commute their mandatory work obligations on manorial estates into a payment of 12 groshi per instance.

Cost of fur garments

In the ruler's court, fox fur garments for attendants were valued at prices ranging from 22 to 100 groshi, depending on quality.

Daily Rest Periods for Peasants

Peasants working with draught animals were entitled to three mandatory rest periods during their workday: before dinner, at midday, and before evening. Other workers not handling livestock were granted three shorter rest periods of half an hour each.

Peasant Labor Obligations and Communal Work

Peasants commonly owed two days of labor per week to the manor, a system known as tyaglo, with working hours fixed from sunrise to sunset. During this time, they also participated in seasonal communal work called talka for intense agricultural tasks.

Confidential news delivered orally

For confidential matters in the first half of the 16th century, messengers delivered written letters and provided oral information that was not meant to be written down.