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Joseph of Lorraine

1685–1705

Born
20 Oct 1685, Innsbruck
Country of birth
Austria
Died
25 Aug 1705, Battle of Cassano
facts
7
sources
1
images and files
0

Facts and their sources

Tap a fact to see where it comes from.

A life in time

  1. Born · Innsbruck

    Birth, Innsbruck

  2. Died · Battle of Cassano

    Death, Battle of Cassano

What was it like?

The world around Innsbruck, 1685: who ruled, who else was alive, how people lived. This is general history, not a record about the family, and every item shows where it comes from.

Ordinary men in this period wore durable leather clothing, such as the Pelzrock, which was made of sheepskin worn with the fur inside and featured decorative embroidery. Peasant men also frequently wore waistcoats made of leather, known as Joppen, which were valued for their ability to protect against wind and rain.

Fashion

Durable leather garments for men

Ordinary men in this period wore durable leather clothing, such as the Pelzrock, which was made of sheepskin worn with the fur inside and featured decorative embroidery. Peasant men also frequently wore waistcoats made of leather, known as Joppen, which were valued for their ability to protect against wind and rain.

Feast day finery and marital status attire

On feast days, rural people wore finer versions of their clothing, such as a blouse made of fine linen (harbene Pfoad) compared to the coarse linen (rupferne Pfoad) worn for daily tasks. Men sometimes distinguished their marital status through their hats, wearing green hats if unmarried and black hats after marriage.

Music

Common rural dance instruments

In the seventeenth-century countryside, ordinary people primarily used bagpipes and hurdy-gurdies for dance music, before the violin became established as a popular instrument later on.

Jewish musicians for all classes

Jewish dance bands were active in Moravia during this century and provided musical entertainment for all social classes.

Getting around

Carriage travel times

Travel was slow and difficult; for example, a journey by carriage between St. Pölten and Melk, a distance of 30 kilometers, took 5 to 7 hours under good weather conditions.

Dangers of traveling by day

Travelers mostly journeyed during the day because roads were rough, uneven, and prone to dangers like highwaymen and accidents, making nighttime travel unsafe.

Daily life

Life in the smoke kitchen

Cooking happened in smoke kitchens where food was prepared over open fires, often sharing space with poultry kept inside at night.

The heart of the home: The Stube

The Stube was a central, heated room in homes, where children often sat on a bench over the stove to stay warm while others worked.

Food

Coffee substitute for 1 kreuzer

For 1 kreuzer, working-class people could buy a bowl of roasted barley drink sweetened with syrup, which served as an affordable substitute for expensive coffee.

Creative peasant food substitutions

Peasant families practiced creative food substitutions, using names like false meat soup or false almond cake to describe dishes made from simpler, available ingredients.

Prices and wages

Daily wages for laborers

In the late 17th century, day laborers earned about 6 kreuzer for women and up to 18 kreuzer for some skilled laborers like carpenters.

Work

Days spent in gainful employment

Before reforms aimed at increasing productivity, ordinary people typically spent only 200 to 250 days per year in gainful employment due to numerous church holidays.

Distance covered by daily messengers

Messengers traveling on foot were capable of walking between 25 and 40 kilometers a day, while dedicated runners could cover over 60 kilometers.

News and letters

Daily travel speeds for messengers

Professional messengers on foot could walk 25 to 40 kilometers a day, while horse-drawn stagecoaches averaged about 37 kilometers daily due to poor road conditions.

Postal stations and surveillance

Postal stations, or 'posts,' were set up every 20 to 40 kilometers to change horses and riders, though some authorities also operated 'Black Chambers' to open and monitor suspicious letters.

During their lifetime

  1. 1686

    1686 ban on Reformed religion

    Following pressure from Louis XIV, Duke Victor Amadeus II issued an edict on 31 January 1686 that prohibited the Reformed religion and forced Waldensians to choose between conversion or exile.

  2. 1690

    Famine during 1690s war occupation

    Due to war-related requisitions and bad harvests starting in 1690, families in the mountainous Tarentaise and Maurienne provinces were reduced to eating ground shells and nuts mixed with small amounts of oats or barley.

  3. 1695

    Hospice for the Poor established in 1695

    In 1695, Duke Rinaldo I established the Hospice for the Poor to manage the large influx of beggars and unemployed people in the city of Modena.

  4. 1699

    Treaty of Karlowitz

    The Treaty of Karlowitz was signed, confirming Habsburg acquisition of almost all of Hungary and marking the recovery of the territory.

  5. 1702

    French forces occupied Modena in 1702

    French troops occupied Modena in August 1702, forcing Duke Rinaldo and his court to flee to Bologna during the War of the Spanish Succession.

  6. 1704

    Kuruc raids devastate Austrian lands in 1704

    The Kuruc uprising caused significant disruption as rebels repeatedly invaded the archduchy, likely devastating areas like Gramatneusiedl between March and June 1704.

Family

Parents

Ancestors and children

Open the full tree

Four generations back to the right, the children to the left. The number beside a child counts the generations of descendants known after them.