Charles Frederick, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp

Charles Frederick, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp was a Prince of Sweden and Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp and an important member of European royalty. His dynasty, that of the dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp, was a cadet branch of the ancient House of Oldenburg, which at that time was ruling Denmark–Norway. His mother was a sister of Charles XII of Sweden.

Practical Daily Work Clothing

Peasant women often worked in long chemises made of coarse linen, sometimes knotting the skirt to make movement easier while performing daily chores.

Smoothing Head-Cloths with Glass

Women smoothed their festive white linen head-cloths by rubbing the fabric with a glass rod to achieve a shiny, professional finish.

Dancing in barns and at crossroads

During the 18th century, people gathered to dance in informal settings such as barns, bridges, crossroads, and farmyards, as there were no dedicated dance halls. In the absence of a musician, young people would often hum or sing the music themselves to accompany their dancing.

Instruments for dance and church

Popular instruments for dance music included the bagpipe, jaw harp, clarinet, drum, and violin, as well as the nyckelharpa. The nyckelharpa was also played in churches during special occasions like weddings or feast days.

Daily Travel Distances

The average daily journey was typically between 30 and 40 kilometers. While extraordinary speeds could reach up to 160 kilometers in a day, such distances were very unusual.

Travel by Horse and Foot

In the early 1700s, most people traveled long distances by horse or on foot because poor roads made wheeled vehicles impractical in many areas. Women rode sideways in special cross-saddles rather than astride.

Cooking over an open fire

Cooking was performed in a large iron or bronze pot placed on a tripod over an open fire, which was the main method for preparing meals.

Reliance on fire for illumination

Peasant households lacked artificial lights and instead relied on open fires or splinters of resinous wood for illumination when needed.

Beer as a Daily Beverage

Water was often unsafe to drink, so people consumed large quantities of weak beer instead. Even soldiers in the King's army were rationed over two liters of beer daily.

Food Preparation and Rationing

To ensure rations lasted, families soaked dried foods like peas, salt fish, or meat before cooking them to reduce saltiness and improve texture. Meals were often strictly portioned, with some records showing specific counts, such as one herring shared between two people.

Daily wages for an unskilled worker

An unskilled worker in Sweden around 1700 typically earned approximately 5 öre in copper money (daler kopparmynt) per day, working 10 to 12 hours daily, six days a week.

Mate's salary and beer price in 1700

In 1700, a mate earned 12 riksdaler per month, while a barrel of beer cost 12 daler in copper money.

Home-based work and seasonal labor patterns

The home was a primary workplace where men and women performed diverse tasks, such as child care, weaving, and forest work, often with flexible division of labor. Seasonality dictated much of the work, with livestock care requiring year-round attention while tasks like haymaking peaked in the summer.

Legal status and control of workers

Miners were legally classified as servants and members of their employer's household, with their wages sometimes distributed through a grain warehouse. Servants faced strict regulations and legal coercion, with masters having the authority to demand obedience and use physical violence.