Robert Killigrew

Sir Robert Killigrew (1580–1633) was an English courtier and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1601 and 1629. He served as Ambassador to the United Provinces.

Clothing as a Major Expense

Clothing was often a household's second largest expense after food, leading many ordinary people to skillfully repair, alter, or make their own garments.

Essential Linen Undergarments

In Elizabethan England, linen shifts or smocks worn next to the skin were essential everyday undergarments for all people, serving as a washable barrier to protect outer clothing from sweat and grease.

Communal Celebratory Singing for Accession Day

Starting in the late 1570s, communal singing became a key way to celebrate Queen Elizabeth's Accession Day on November 17, with songs circulating orally or through broadside prints. These songs, which shifted from religious psalms to celebratory ballads, were sung in churches, homes, and alehouses.

Popular Lute and Virginal Instruments

The lute was the most popular instrument of the Elizabethan age, played by nobles and expected to be mastered by all gentlemen. The virginals, a type of harpsichord, was another favorite solo instrument, and it was commonly used by Queen Elizabeth I herself.

A record-breaking long-distance ride

In an extraordinary feat of endurance, Sir Robert Carey rode 397 miles from London to Edinburgh in just three days following the Queen's death in 1603. Such journeys were physically demanding and could involve dangerous road conditions, including mud and flood-prone paths.

Walking and traveling in groups

Ordinary people frequently traveled on foot, covering an average of 15 to 20 miles a day in good conditions. For added safety against highwaymen, travelers often rode in armed groups.

Fetching water from public conduits

Domestic water was not piped to most homes; families typically had to fetch it from public conduits that opened at ornamental spouts.

Learning with the wooden hornbook

Most children did not go to school; instead, many learned to read and write using a hornbook, which was a paper sheet with the alphabet and Lord’s Prayer mounted on wood and protected by a thin slice of animal horn.

Bread Color and Social Status

Bread color reflected social status; while the wealthy ate fine white wheat bread, ordinary families typically relied on darker breads made from rye or barley.

Daily Consumption of Ale and Beer

Ordinary people, including laborers, consumed roughly one gallon of ale or beer daily, as it was considered a safer, more reliable drink than water.

Cost of shoes and boots

While basic items were affordable, clothing was costly, with a simple pair of child's shoes costing 7d and boots ranging from £4 to £10.

Daily food costs for a soldier

A typical daily food allowance for a Tudor soldier cost 7 pence, which included 24 ounces of wheat bread for 1 penny and 2 pounds of beef or mutton for 2 pence.

Early start to the working day

The working day was regulated by clock time, typically starting before daybreak and ending at darkness. Female servants often rose between four and five in the morning to begin their chores.

Farming was the primary occupation

Farming was the most common occupation, employing nine out of ten people in villages and small towns.

Cost to use royal horse post

Private citizens could use the royal post-horse network if they were willing to pay, with costs in 1583 reaching twopence per mile for a horse and fourpence per stage for a guide.

Speed of foot messengers

A 16th-century footpost, or runner, typically traveled around 30 miles per day on foot to deliver messages.