Alfonso XIII

Alfonso XIII, also known as El Africano or the African for his Africanist views, was King of Spain from his birth until 14 April 1931, when the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed. He became a monarch at birth as his father, Alfonso XII, had died the previous year. Alfonso's mother, Maria Christina of Austria, served as regent until he assumed full powers on his sixteenth birthday in 1902.

Dancing fashion and skirt lengths

Women's festive dancing attire often included long tails, though young unmarried women were expected to wear shorter, ground-length skirts.

Segovian festive wool and velvet skirt

A Segovian festive skirt was made of red Merino wool and featured horizontal bands of black patterned velvet.

Musical experts in social settings

In small social gatherings, those who could play string instruments like the violin, guitar, bandurria, or lute were considered the musical experts of the group.

The popular tango dance in flamenco cafes

In the late 19th century, the tango was considered the most fashionable and popular dance in flamenco cafés, known for its grace, picaresque style, and use of accessories like shawls.

Long hours for stagecoach travel

A journey by stagecoach between Manzanares and Granada took 30 hours, while a mule-drawn diligence trip from Granada to Jaen lasted nine hours.

Road travel was frequently at walking pace

Road conditions were often so poor that mule-drawn omnibuses could travel no faster than a walking pace, sometimes requiring passengers to disembark while drivers repaired the road with stones.

Cramped living conditions in urban homes

Working-class homes often featured cramped, poorly lit rooms with little ventilation, frequently lacking basic amenities like internal toilets or running water. Households relied on simple furniture, oil lamps for lighting, and portable braziers or stoves for warmth.

Irregular school attendance due to child labor

Schooling was mandatory for children aged 6 to 9, yet attendance was often irregular as children were frequently pulled out of class to work, perform household chores, or care for younger siblings. Some families struggled to pay for necessities, leading to chronic absenteeism despite legal requirements.

Common dishes for ordinary families

Ordinary families relied on simple meals like puchero, a slow-boiled stew of chickpeas, potatoes, and sometimes meat, or gazpacho, a cold vegetable soup with bread and oil. Breakfast for many working-class people was often just a jicara of chocolate with a roll.

Dietary differences among social classes

While the wealthy ate fine dishes like partridge or sea bream in new modern restaurants, humble households commonly consumed fasting potage, pickled sardines, cod, and potatoes. Poor families often ate very little meat, reserving it for special occasions, while bread and wine remained central to their diet.

Daily wages for workers and laborers

At the end of the 19th century, a skilled worker could earn 12 reales per day, while a common laborer earned about 6 reales. Women and children typically earned less than half or a third of that amount.

Household spending priorities

Ordinary families spent approximately 70 percent of their income on food alone. Housing accounted for another 10 percent of their monthly budget, leaving very little for clothing and other expenses.

Cost of Living Expenditure

Workers typically spent 70% of their monthly income on food and another 10% on housing, often living in overcrowded conditions.

Daily Wages for Workers

Daily wages varied widely, ranging from 6 réis for a common laborer to 12 réis for a skilled worker, with women and children earning significantly less.