Manfredo de Borbón y Bernaldo de Quirós

Manfredo de Bourbon e Bernaldo de Quirós foi um aristocrata e político espanhol, que detinha o título de Duque de Hernani. Ele foi o último membro agnático da Casa de Bourbon-Bragança.

Daily attire of Algerian women

Algerian women wore a white haik outdoors, a large garment often measuring about eighteen feet long by five feet wide. Indoors, they wore gauze shirts, wide trousers, and yellow slippers, often accessorized with jewelry made of genuine precious stones.

Parisian working class clothing transition

Parisian workers gradually transitioned from wearing the traditional long blouse to suits for everyday and dress wear. By the late 19th century, carpenters were earning five francs a day and some invested in smart wardrobes including bowler hats and cravats for Sundays.

French military bands in Algeria

French settlers enjoyed military band performances in city parks and at theaters to connect with their homeland.

Instruments in Moorish cafés

In Moorish cafés in Algiers, musicians played flutes, rebabs, and tambourines to accompany dancing.

Horse-drawn public stagecoaches for inland travel

Ordinary travelers often used horse-drawn public stagecoaches, known as diligences, to reach remote villages where trains did not operate. These carriages were frequently described as shaky and uncomfortable, with long, tiring journeys across rough terrain.

Steamship travel and costs to Algeria

A steamship crossing from Marseille to Algiers took between 20 and 36 hours depending on the shipping company and service category. Travelers could pay different fares, such as 788 francs for first class or 157 francs for fourth class.

Coffee Preparation in Traditional Cafes

In traditional cafes, water was boiled in large earthen pots supported on three stones, and coffee was served in small cups for one sou. The coffee was often served with the grounds included, requiring drinkers to avoid the bottom of the cup.

Privacy-Centered Casbah Home Design

In the Algiers Casbah, traditional houses were organized around an interior courtyard, designed to ensure privacy by minimizing windows and doors on exterior facades. Many houses featured roof terraces where women socialized and worked, effectively creating a private, elevated public space separated from the men's streets.

Coffee as medicine and sold eggs

Black coffee was considered an essential morning drink for settlers in Algeria, partly as a preventative measure against fevers. Poultry was kept for eggs, which were sold to buy household necessities rather than eaten by the family.

Daily soup and bread for peasant settlers

Peasant settlers in the Sahel region ate soup three times a day, seasoned with oil or fat, while abstaining from butcher meat and wine. To sustain themselves between meals, they ate bread rubbed with garlic or onion, or occasionally raw herring or cod.

Costs of basic clothing items

To save money, a worker would purchase basic clothing items such as a shirt for 1.55 francs, a handkerchief for 0.20 francs, and a pair of stockings for 0.55 francs.

Daily food costs for an ouvriere

A young worker could manage her daily food expenses for 1.20 francs, which included items like a 0.50 franc boiled beef meal with vegetables and broth, and 0.15 francs for bread.

Common jobs and laborer earnings

Common roles included day laborers, construction workers, and unskilled workers in factories and docks, with many Algerian men migrating to French coastal cities for seasonal work. In cities like Algiers, laborers often earned between 2.50 and 6 francs per day.

Long working days and unpaid rest

A working day typically lasted 8 to 12 hours, with some roles, like postal clerks, requiring workers to remain on duty or on call throughout the day and night without regular holidays. Workers generally only had 25 or 26 days of work per month, as unpaid rest days significantly reduced their overall monthly income.