Carlota Joaquina of Spain

Doña Carlota Joaquina Teresa Cayetana of Spain was Queen of Portugal and Brazil as the wife of King Don John VI. She was the daughter of King Don Charles IV of Spain and Maria Luisa of Parma.

Clothing as a rare, valuable commodity

Clothing was a valuable asset; poor individuals often had only two outfits, and even rags full of lice were carefully recorded to be sold at public auctions after their death.

The essential Spanish national costume

Women of all social classes wore a black skirt called a basquiña and a head-covering shawl called a mantilla when going out in public or to church, removing them immediately upon entering a home.

Guitar and Castanets in Popular Life

The guitar was the most popular instrument among ordinary people, frequently used to accompany singing and dancing at home, in streets, and at festivals. Dancers often played simple castanets held in their palms to accompany themselves during performances.

Home Parties and Popular Dances

Seguidillas and fandangos were iconic dances often held in private homes during informal parties called bailes de candil. These lively gatherings featured music from guitars, violins, and bandurrias, providing entertainment for neighborhoods.

Carriages and mule travel options

A traveler seeking economy might hire a light carriage called a volante, paying about six to nine livres per day for the machine and a mule to travel eight to ten leagues daily. Alternatively, those crossing bandit-prone areas could ride on a mule with common carriers, occupying the space otherwise used for a bale of goods.

Post riders travelled quickly between stations

Travelers could ride as post, which was the fastest and most advanced way to move around Spain, covering 36 to 48 kilometers per day on average. Riders moved between postal stations, typically 14 to 22 kilometers apart, aiming to spend only 45 minutes per league traveled.

Cooking and food reliance in modest homes

Cooking in humble homes was typically performed in a multi-use kitchen area equipped with straw chairs, a wooden table, and basic cooking utensils. Bread and wine were the primary staples, and because many poor households lacked space or fuel, people often relied on buying prepared food from vendors, such as fried fish, fritters, or chickpeas.

Dark homes and low-quality lighting

Ordinary homes were dark and often lacked glass windows, which were expensive; many families covered small window openings with oiled paper for light. Illumination at night relied on candles, which in poor households were low-quality and produced unpleasant odors and health risks.

The Cost of Daily Bread in Madrid

In 18th-century Madrid, bread was the dietary staple, with an individual consuming about 390 grams daily. Following a 1767 price increase, standard wheat bread cost 11 cuartos, while refined French or candeal bread cost 12 cuartos.

Diet of the Laboring Poor

Poor laborers often ate soup with oil or cornmeal porridge in the morning and legumes or salted sardines at midday. Wine was considered expensive, so these families typically drank it only on feast days, sometimes to excess.

Domestic servant wages and perks

In the late 18th century, a maid working for a family typically earned 24 reales per month in addition to her meals and chocolate.

Food prices for ordinary families

Food prices varied significantly; for example, a chicken cost 8 reales, while a pound of beef or mutton cost 2 reales.

Coping with Daily Hardship

In 1774, a blind man selling gazettes in Madrid explained his frequent drinking by telling officials he had a bad life and needed to forget it.

Common jobs for ordinary people

Common jobs for ordinary people included day laborers, domestic servants, and various tradespeople like shoemakers, weavers, and masons. Women frequently worked as street vendors, laundresses, and embroidery workers to support their families.